Which Therapy Works Best


Chapter 16: Therapy and Treatment

Learning Outcomes

  • Identify how different therapies may be more effective for different individuals
  • Evaluate the comparative effectiveness of psychotherapeutic approaches
  • Apply psychological reasoning to real-world treatment decisions

Key Terms

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
a form of psychotherapy that aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors
nondirective therapy
therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person identify conflicts and understand feelings
psychotherapy
(also, psychodynamic psychotherapy) psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth

Losing Herself

Missy, a college sophomore, had been feeling stuck for months. After a breakup and a series of academic setbacks, she found herself withdrawing from friends, skipping classes, and struggling to get out of bed. "I don't even know who I am anymore," she told the counselor at the campus mental health center.

A person sitting upset alone in their room

The counselor diagnosed Missy with moderate depression and explained that there were several evidence-based therapies that could help. Missy was surprised. "I thought therapy was just talking about your feelings," she said. "How do I know what kind will actually work?"

To help Missy decide, the counselor shared information from a recent study comparing the effectiveness of different psychotherapies. Missy learned that while all the therapies studied—such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), nondirective therapy, and others—were more effective than no treatment, some worked better for certain people.

Missy chose to begin with nondirective therapy. In their sessions, the therapist didn't offer advice or suggest specific actions. Instead, they created a space where Missy could explore her thoughts and emotions freely. Through open-ended questions and gentle reflection, Missy began to uncover the feelings of loss and self-doubt that had been weighing her down. "I didn't realize how much I was holding in," she said. "Just having someone listen without judgment helped me start making sense of it all."

Later, Missy added elements of CBT to address her self-critical thoughts. "It's not one-size-fits-all," she reflected. "Different tools helped at different times."

Explore the Concept

Check out this video to review different types of psychotherapy.

1. On Your Own

Which statements reflect the current scientific understanding of psychotherapy? Select the two that apply.

Behind the Research

A large meta-analysis published in PLOS Medicine compared the effectiveness of several psychotherapies for depression. The study found the following:

  • All therapies studied were significantly more effective than no treatment.
  • No single therapy was universally superior; effectiveness varied by individual needs and preferences.

This research supports a personalized approach to mental health treatment. It also highlights the importance of access to multiple therapeutic options and the value of combining approaches when needed.

An incomplete wooden puzzle

Unlike medication, CBT teaches skills that can be used long after therapy ends. It's structured, goal-oriented, and often involves homework assignments. While not a cure-all, CBT empowers individuals to take an active role in their mental health.

2. On Your Own

What is the role of psychotherapy in treating depression? Select the best answer.

Making Progress

Missy continued therapy throughout the semester. Some weeks were harder than others, but she stuck with it. She began reconnecting with friends, attending classes more regularly, and even joined a campus hiking club.

Hikers walking up a trail in the woods

"I used to think therapy was just for people who were really messed up," Missy said. "Now I see it as a way to understand myself and grow."

By exploring different therapeutic approaches, Missy found what worked for her. Her journey wasn't about finding the "best" therapy; it was about finding the right fit.

Reflect & Respond

Answer the following questions to reflect on key ideas from the case study. Remember to print your work before leaving this page!

  1. How did Missy's assumptions about therapy change after learning about different evidence-based approaches?
  2. Why do different people respond better to different types of therapy?
  3. How can understanding the variety of psychotherapeutic approaches help reduce stigma and improve access to mental health care?
  4. Why might different therapeutic approaches be helpful at different stages of recovery?
  5. What does Missy's story suggest about the value of exploring different tools and approaches in mental health treatment?

References

Barth, J., Munder, T., Gerger, H., Nüesch, E., Trelle, S., Znoj, H., Jüni, P., & Cuijpers, P. (2013). Comparative efficacy of seven psychotherapeutic interventions for patients with depression: A network meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine, 10(5), Article e1001454. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001454
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0).

CrashCourse. (2014, October 21). Getting help - Psychotherapy: Crash course psychology #35 [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/6nEL44QkL9w?si=em6bIe4A8aE5Uj-q

Photo Credits

pitipat on Adobe Stock. "Silhouette photo of young Asian woman feeling upset, sad, unhappy or disappoint crying lonely in her room. Young people mental health care problem lifestyle concept."

Hasim Ramle on Adobe Stock. "Incomplete wooden jigsaw puzzle with multiple puzzle pieces. concept of choices or options."

Darius SUL on Adobe Stock. "Young hikers in forest heading towards High Tatras peak."